Open and close position

The main goal of the Forex market is gaining profit from your position through buying and selling different currencies. For example, you have bought a currency, and this particular currency rises in value. In this case you gain profit if you quickly close your position. If you close your position and sell the currency back for fixing your profit, you are in fact buying the counter currency in this pair. That's how a rate of worth has been discovered - it's one currency value compared to another while operating with currency pairs. In the end, currency of any country has value only compared to another country's currency.

The "position" is the netted sum commitment in a particular currency. The position can be flat or square, long or short. We call the position square when there's no exposure, it's long if more currency is being bought than sold, and the position is short if more currency is being sold than bought.

The goal of currency trading is exchanging one currency for another. The broker usually expects the market rate or price to change in such a way that the currency he has bought rose in value compared to the one he has sold. Currencies are always defined in pairs in the Forex market; and consequently, synchronous buying of one currency and the selling of another follow all trades operations. If you have bought a currency and the value of its price increases, the broker should sell the currency back if he wants to fix the profit at this level. What's "an open trade or position"? It occurs when a trader has bought or sold one currency pair and has not sold or bought back the same sum to close the position.

There's an expression - "going long" or "longing the market". What does it mean? It's when you want to purchase the base currency, and are also supposed to purchase the currency pair as well. Going long the EUR/USD pair means purchasing the base currency and selling the same sum in the quote currency. You should own the quote currency before selling. It is sold quickly in the open market and used to protect your long position on the base currency.

There's also the so-called "shorting the market". The same rules are used here as explained above only vice versa. If you see that the base currency value is getting lower than particular currency or the secondary currency is exceeding the base currency, you should not buy the currency pair but, on the contrary, sell it. Going short the EUR/USD pair means selling the base currency and buying the same sum of the quote currency at the running exchange rate.

To put this other way, one is said to be "long" in that very currency when he's buying it. Long positions are within the offer price. So if the broker is purchasing one GBP/USD lot at the rate of 1.5847/52 means that you'll purchase 100,000 GBP at 1.5852 USD. And one is said to be "short" in the currency when he's selling it. Short positions are within the bid price, which is in our case 1.5847 USD.

The trader is always long in one currency and short in another at the same time because currency operations are symmetrical. So if one exchanges 100,000 GBP for USD, he's turns out to be short in sterling and long in US dollars.

Continued and live and position is called "open". The value of the open position changes according to the market exchange rate. All benefit and loss exist only officially and influence the margin account. Suppose you want to close your position. In this case you start an identical and opposite trade in the same currency pair. For instance, if you have gone long in one lot of GBP/USD at the predominant offer price you can afterwards close out that position by going short in one GBP/USD lot at the predominant bid price. Besides it's impossible to open a GBP/USD position through Broker One and close it out through Broker Two as you should conduct the opening and closing trades with the help of the same mediator.

FOREX RISK HANDLING

Although every investment involves some risk, the risk of loss in trading off-exchange Forex contracts can be substantial. Therefore, if you are considering participating in this market, you should understand those risks, so you can make an informed decision before investing.

As stated in the introduction to this topic, off-exchange foreign currency trading carries a high level of risk and may not be suitable for all customers. The only funds that should ever be used to speculate in foreign currency trading, or any type of highly speculative investment, are funds that represent risk capital – i.e., funds you can afford to lose without affecting your financial situation. There are other reasons why Forex trading may or may not be an appropriate investment for you, and they are highlighted below.

In Forex you are trading substantial sums of money, and there is always a possibility that a trade will go against you. There are several trading tools that can minimize your risk, yes, but eliminate it, no. With caution, and above all education, the Forex trader can learn how to trade profitably and minimize loss.

The Scams and fraud

Forex scams were fairly common a few years ago. The industry has cleaned up considerably since then. Still, you should exercise caution before signing up with a Forex broker by checking their background.

Reputable Forex brokers will be associated with large financial institutions like banks or insurance companies, and they will be registered with the proper government agencies. In the United States, brokers should be registered with the Commodities Futures Trading Commission or a member of the National Futures Association. You can also check with your local Consumer Protection Bureau and the Better Business Bureau.

The market could move against you

No one can predict with certainty which way exchange rates will go, and the Forex market is volatile. Fluctuations in the foreign exchange rate between the time you place the trade and the time you close it out will affect the price of your Forex contract and the potential profit and losses relating to it.

You could lose your entire investment

You will be required to deposit an amount of money (often referred to as a "security deposit" or "margin") with your Forex dealer in order to buy or sell an off-exchange Forex contract. As discussed earlier, a relatively small amount of money can enable you to hold a Forex position worth many times the account value. This is referred to as leverage or gearing. The smaller the deposit in relation to the underlying value of the contract, the greater the leverage. If the price moves in an unfavorable direction, high leverage can produce large losses in relation to your initial deposit. In fact, even a small move against your position may result in a large loss, including the loss of your entire deposit. Depending on your agreement with your dealer, you may also be required to pay additional losses.

You are relying on the dealer's creditworthiness and reputation

Retail off-exchange Forex trades are not guaranteed by a clearing organization. Furthermore, funds that you have deposited to trade Forex contracts are not insured and do not receive a priority in bankruptcy. Even customer funds deposited by a dealer in an FDIC-insured bank account are not protected if the dealer goes bankrupt.

There is no central marketplace

Unlike regulated futures exchanges, in the retail off-exchange Forex market there is no central marketplace with many buyers and sellers. The Forex dealer determines the execution price, so you are relying on the dealer's integrity for a fair price.

The trading system could break down

If you are using an Internet-based or other electronic system to place trades, some part of the system could fail. In the event of a system failure, it is possible that, for a certain time period, you may not be able to enter new orders, execute existing orders, or modify or cancel orders that were previously entered. A system failure may also result in loss of orders or order priority.

You could be a victim of fraud

As with any investment, you should protect yourself from fraud. Beware of investment schemes that promise significant returns with little risk. You should take a close and cautious look at the investment offer itself and continue to monitor any investment you do make.

Types of Risks

Even through you are dealing with a reputable broker, there are risks to Forex trading. Transactions are unexpected and depend on volatile markets and political events.

Exchange Rate Risk: refers to the fluctuations in currency prices over a trading period. Prices can fall rapidly unless stop loss orders are used.

Interest Rate Risk: can result from discrepancies between the interest rates in the 2 countries represented by the currency pair in a Forex quote.

Credit Risk: is the possibility that 1 party in a Forex transaction may not honor their debt when the deal is closed. This may happen when a bank or financial institution declares insolvency.

Country Risk: is associated with governments that may become involved in foreign exchange markets by limiting the flow of currency. There is more country risk associated with "exotic" currencies than with major countries that allow the free trading of their currency.

How to limit risks?

There are some ways to limit risk and financial exposure. Every trader should have a trading strategy; i.e., knowing when to enter and exit the market, and what kind of movements to expect. Developing strategies requires education, which is the key to limiting risk. The basic rule which trader follows aal time: Never use money that you cannot afford to lose.

Every Forex trader needs to know at least the basics about technical analysis and how to read financial charts. He should study chart movements and indicators and understand how charts are interpreted.

Stop-Loss Orders

Even the most knowledgeable traders, can't predict with absolute certainty how the market will behave. For this reason, every Forex transaction should take tools to minimize loss.

Stop-loss orders are the most common way to minimizing risk. A stop-loss order contains instructions to exit your position if the price reaches a certain point. If you take a long position (expecting the price to rise) you would place a stop loss order below the current market price. If you take a short position (expecting the price to fall) you would place a stop loss order above the current market price.

Stop loss orders can be used in conjunction with limit orders to automate Forex trading.

FOREX OPTIONS

Forex options, are another component that draws similarities with the stock market, they offer traders more security in being able to limit risk and increase profit when trading in the market. There are generally two types of options an investor can choose from, the first being a traditional option. This gives the buyer the right but not the obligation to purchase a currency at a set or agreed price and time. If a trader has taken advantage of Forex options and during the agreed time the currency being bought appreciates, the trader can sell this currency at a profit.

However, if the currency depreciates the trader loses only the premium paid for the option. The second type of Forex options available is known as SPOT- Single Payment Options Trading. The Forex trader dictates this type of option, it is a prediction from the trader on what they forecast will occur on the Forex market. If the trader is successful the profit potential can be unlimited and if the SPOT is not a success only the premium is lost. Forex options give investors another tool with which to limit losses and increase profits, they are particularly popular at periods of economic reporting.

Transactions in options on FOREX carry a high degree of risk. Purchasers and sellers of options should familiarize themselves with the type of option (i.e. put or call) which they contemplate trading and the associated risks. You should calculate the extent to which the value of the options must increase for your position to become profitable, taking into account the premium and all transaction costs.

The purchaser of options may offset or exercise the options or allow the options to expire. The exercise of an option results either in a cash settlement or in the purchaser acquiring or delivering the underlying interest. If the option is on a leveraged position, the purchaser will acquire a FOREX open position with associated liabilities for margin. If the purchased options expire worthless, you will suffer a total loss of your investment which will consist of the option premium (transaction costs on FOREX are usually zero - no commission). If you are contemplating purchasing deep-out-of-the-money options, you should be aware that the chance of such options becoming profitable ordinarily is remote.

Selling ("writing" or "granting") an option generally entails considerably greater risk than purchasing options. Although the premium received by the seller is fixed, the seller may sustain a loss well in excess of that amount. The seller will be liable for additional margin to maintain the position if the market moves unfavourably. The seller will also be exposed to the risk of the purchaser exercising the option and the seller will be obligated to either settle the option in cash or to acquire or deliver the underlying interest.

If the option is on a leveraged position, the seller will acquire an open FOREX position with associated liabilities for margin. If the option is "covered" by the seller holding a corresponding position in the underlying interest or a future or another option, the risk may be reduced. If the option is not covered, the risk of loss can be unlimited.

Certain brokers in some jurisdictions permit deferred payment of the option premium, exposing the purchaser to liability for margin payments not exceeding the amount of the premium. The purchaser is still subject to the risk of losing the premium and transaction costs. When the option is exercised or expires, the purchaser is responsible for any unpaid premium outstanding at that time.

Many people think of the stock market when they think of options; however, the foreign exchange (FOREX) market also offers the opportunity to trade these unique derivatives. Options give retail traders many opportunities to limit risk and increase profit. Here we discuss what options are, how they are used, and which strategies you can use to profit.

Types of FOREX Options

There are two primary types of options available to retail FOREX traders. The most common is the traditional call/put option, which works much like the respective stock option. The other alternative is single payment option trading--or SPOT--which gives traders more flexibility.

Traditional Options

Traditional options allow the buyer the right but not the obligation to purchase something from the option seller at a set price and time. For example, a trader might purchase an option to buy two lots of EUR/USD at 1.3000 in one month; such a contract is known as a "EUR call/USD put." (Keep in mind that, in the options market, when you buy a call, you buy a put simultaneously--just as in the cash market you buy one currency and simultaneously sell another.) If the price of EUR/USD is below 1.3000, the option expires worthless, and the buyer loses only the premium. On the other hand, if EUR/USD skyrockets to 1.4000, then the buyer can exercise the option and gain two lots for only 1.3000, which can then be sold for profit.

Since FOREX options are traded over-the-counter (OTC), traders can choose the price and date on which the option is to be valid and then receive a quote stating the premium they must pay to obtain the option.

There are two types of traditional options offered by brokers:

American-style – This type of option can be exercised at any point up until expiration.

European-style – This type of option can be exercised only at the time of expiration.

One advantage of traditional options is that they have lower premiums than SPOT options. Also, because (American) traditional options can be bought and sold before expiration, they allow for more flexibility. On the other hand, traditional options are more difficult to set and execute than SPOT options. (For a detailed introduction to options, see "Options Basics.")

Single Payment Options Trading (SPOT)

Here is how SPOT options work: the trader inputs a scenario (for example, "EUR/USD will break 1.3000 in 12 days"), obtains a premium (option cost) quote, and then receives a payout if the scenario takes place. Essentially, SPOT automatically converts your option to cash when your option trade is successful, giving you a payout.

Many traders enjoy the additional choices (listed below) that SPOT options give traders. Also, SPOT options are easy to trade: it's a matter of entering the scenario and letting it play out. If you are correct, you receive cash into your account. If you are not correct, your loss is your premium. Another advantage is that SPOT options offer a choice of many different scenarios, allowing the trader to choose exactly what he or she thinks is going to happen.

There are many advantages to trading spot foreign exchange as opposed to trading stocks and futures.

1. Bid/Ask Spread rates

Spread rates have tightened dramatically in the last years. Most online forex brokers offer a spread of 5 pips on EURUSD which is the most widely traded and liquid currency pair. In the futures market spreads can vary anywhere between 5 and 9 pips and can become even larger under illiquid market conditions (which tends to happen substantially more often in futures currencies).

2. Margins requirements

Usually a foreign exchange trading with a 1% margin is available. In layman's terms that means a trader can control a position of a value of USD 1'000'000 with a mere USD 10'000 in his account. By comparison, futures margins are not only constantly changing but are also often quite sizeable. Stocks are generally traded on a non-margined basis and when they are, it can be as restrictive as 50% or so.you can start with 25 USD in Easy Forex

3. 24 hour market

Foreign exchange market trading occurs over a 24 hour period picking up in Asia around 24:00 CET Sunday evening and coming to an end in the United States on Friday around 23:00 CET. Although ECNs (electronic communications networks) exist for stock markets and futures markets (like Globex) that supply after hours trading, liquidity is often low and prices offered can often be uncompetitive.

4. No Limit up / limit down

Futures markets contain certain constraints that limit the number and type of transactions a trader can make under certain price conditions. When the price of a certain currency rises or falls beyond a certain pre-determined daily level traders are restricted from initiating new positions and are limited only to liquidating existing positions if they so desire. This mechanism is meant to control daily price volatility but in effect since the futures currency market follows the spot market anyway, the following day the futures market may undergo what is called a 'gap' or in other words the futures price will re-adjust to the spot price the next day. In the OTC market no such trading constraints exist permitting the trader to truly implement his trading strategy to the fullest extent. Since a trader can protect his position from large unexpected price movements with stop-loss orders the high volatility in the spot market can be fully controlled.

5. Sell before you buy

Equity brokers offer very restrictive short-selling margin requirements to customers. This means that a customer does not possess the liquidity to be able to sell stock before he buys it. Margin wise, a trader has exactly the same capacity when initiating a selling or buying position in the spot market. In spot trading when you're selling one currency, you're necessarily buying another.

A disadvantage of SPOT options, however, is their higher premiums. On average, SPOT option premiums cost more than standard options.

Why Trade Options?

There are several reasons why options in general appeal to many traders:

Your downside risk is limited to the option premium (the amount you paid to purchase the option).

You have unlimited profit potential.

You pay less money up front than for a spot (cash) FOREX position.

You get to set the price and expiration date. (These are not predefined like those of options on futures.)

Options can be used to hedge against open spot (cash) positions in order to limit risk.

Without risking a lot of capital, you can use options to trade on predictions of market movements before fundamental events take place (such as economic reports or meetings).

SPOT options allow you many choices:
Standard options.
One-touch SPOT – You receive a payout if the price touches a certain level.
No-touch SPOT – You receive a payout if the price doesn't touch a certain level.
Digital SPOT – You receive a payout if the price is above or below a certain level.
Double one-touch SPOT – You receive a payout if the price touches one of two set levels.
Double no-touch SPOT – You receive a payout if the price doesn't touch any of the two set levels.
So, why isn't everyone using options? Well, there also are a few downsides to using them:

The premium varies according to the strike price and date of the option, so the risk/reward ratio varies. SPOT options cannot be traded: once you buy one, you can't change your mind and then sell it. It can be hard to predict the exact time period and price at which movements in the market may occur. You may be going against the odds.

Options Prices

Options have several factors that collectively determine their value: Intrinsic value - This is how much the option would be worth if it were to be exercised right now. The position of the current price in relation to the strike price can be described in one of three ways:
"In the money" - This means the strike price is higher than the current market price.
" Out of the money" – This means the strike price is lower than the current market price.
" At the money" – This means the strike price is at the current market price.
The time value - This represents the uncertainty of the price over time. Generally, the longer the time, the higher premium you pay because the time value is greater.
Interest rate differential - A change in interest rates affects the relationship between the strike of the option and the current market rate. This effect is often factored into the premium as a function of the time value.
Volatility - Higher volatility increases the likelihood of the market price hitting the strike price within a limited time period. Volatility is factored into the time value. Typically, more volatile currencies have higher options premiums.
How It Works – A Scenario
Say it's January 2, 2004, and you think that the EUR/USD (euro vs. dollar) pair, which is currently at 1.3000, is headed downward due to positive U.S. numbers; however, there are some major reports coming out soon that could cause significant volatility. You suspect this volatility will occur within the next two months, but you don't want to risk a cash position, so you decide to use options.

You then go to your broker and put in a request to buy a EUR put/USD call, commonly referred to as a "EUR put option," set at a strike price of 1.2900 and an expiry of March 2, 2004. The broker informs you that this option will cost 10 pips, so you gladly decide to buy.

This order would look something like this:
Buy: EUR put/USD call
Strike price: 1.2900
Expiration: 2 March 2004
Premium: 10 USD pips
Cash (spot) reference: 1.3000

Say the new reports come out and the EUR/USD pair falls to 1.2850--you decide to exercise your option, and the result gives you 40 USD pips profit (1.2900 – 1.2850 – 0.0010).

Option Strategies

Options can be used in a variety of ways, but they are usually used for one of two purposes:
(1) to capture profit or
(2) to hedge against existing positions.

Profit Motivated Strategies

Options are a good way to profit while keeping the risk down--after all, you can lose no more than the premium! Many FOREX traders like to use options around the times of important reports or events, when the spreads and risk increase in the cash FOREX markets. Other profit-driven FOREX traders simply use options instead of cash because options are cheaper. An options position can make a lot more money than a cash position in the same amount.

Hedging Strategies

Options are a great way to hedge against your existing positions to decrease risk. Some traders even use options instead of or together with stop-loss points. The primary advantage of using options together with stops is that you have an unlimited profit potential if the price continues to move against your position.

Hedge ratio

An option price does not fluctuate in a one-to-one relationship with the fluctuations in the price of the underlying asset. This is because as the option strike price becomes closer to or further away from the current asset price, the probability of the strike price being in the money changes. In the graph above, you can see the relation of the option price to the underlying asset price. The word used to describe the relationship of the option’s price change to the underlying asset’s price change is the hedge ratio or delta. As you can see, as the option becomes more and more heavily in the money, the option value’s price will fluctuate very closely with the underlying asset price, meaning that the delta is approaching 1. But as the strike price becomes further and further out of the money, the delta approaches zero, as the probability that the option will have any intrinsic value on expiration also approaches zero.

Hedging with options

Options are often used in combinational strategies with other options, or as a hedging tool for a spot position. A hedging strategy can be initiated to reduce a potential loss on the investment. If the investor buys a spot position at a price of 100, he has a profit/loss scenario as shown in the left-hand figure below. If the investor buys a put option, he can change the profit/loss scenario and reduce a potential loss. This is illustrated in the right-hand graph below. The advantage of hedging with options instead of using a ”stop” is that you can stay in the market despite movements against your underlying position and still have an unlimited profit scenario. The disadvantage is that you must have a larger gain in the spot before the position makes a profit because you must pay for the option.

You speculate that the exchange rate of EURJPY will decline steeply in the next week and have the capital to sell 1,000,000 EURJPY on margin at the spot price of 105.00. Now you want to protect your position in case of a rise in the EURJPY rate.

Protection can be done in two ways
1) you can place a stop order, or
2) buy an option.

1) Placing a stop
Let’s say that you consider placing a stop, based on your analysis, at 106.00. Placing a stop order, you will, of course, limit the potential for loss to JPY 1,000,000 (around 9,434 EUR) if the stop (106) is traded, thereby closing your position.

2) Buy an option
The other way of protecting yourself from limitless downside in this scenario is with the purchase of a call option. Let’s say that you purchase a one-week call option with the same strike price as the stop-loss order (106.00) at a cost of JPY 300,000 (EUR 2,857). As the holder of this option, you will maintain the potential for unlimited profit because your spot position can stay open until the exercise date without having to worry about losing more than the option premium (JPY 300,000) and the (JPY 1,000,000) loss when the price is at 106.00. The option will protect any final price above that level. That’s because the call option gains value as the spot loses value. In other words, this option scenario can give you a staying power that is not possible with the use of stops. In any market, entering the market several times and hitting multiple stop losses is much more costly than establishing a more strategic options position. This is especially true in cases with high volatility.

The two strategies are shown in the graphic below. The thick blue line shows the profit/loss scenario for the hedged position. Keep in mind that in sideways markets, an option buying strategy can become costly because you are paying for time value that quickly erodes as the expiration date approaches.

Profit and Loss - Hedge

Another potential advantage of a hedging strategy is this: in the course of the option’s life, you may reassess your view of the market and wish to actually close the short spot position (even at a loss) in the expectation that the market is going the other way. In this scenario, you close the short position but keep the option, hoping that it will come in the money before expiration. For example, let’s say that after a few days, the spot price for EURJPY rises to 105.50 from the entry level of 105.00, and you have changed your mind about the direction of the market. Since you believe the rate will continue to rise, you close your spot position for a loss, but hang on to your option until the expiration. At any level above the break-even point of 106.3 you will begin to make a profit. And again, the option itself might be resold before expiration.